Attitudes to inequalities: perceptions, judgments, justifications

Inequality is one of the great challenges facing democratic societies in the 21st century. Notwithstanding the nebulous nature of democracy as a concept, the equal standing of individuals is one of its core ideals. In Europe, rising inequality has been linked to the public’s declining support for democracy and, often, its increasing attraction to nationalist-populist leaders. Concerns over inequalities surged in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis and in the wake of the global COVID-19 pandemic, which has laid bare some of the deep divisions within and between European nations.

However, economists have emphasized that inequalities result from political choices. In democratic societies, these choices will be determined by what citizens think about inequalities and whether they perceive injustices. For instance, high taxes for redistributive policies will be tolerated only if people think it is a fair procedure. The research project consists in studying the cognitive and cultural aspects of inequality: investigating what people think about inequalities and why.

  • How are beliefs and moral judgements about inequalities formed?
  • Are beliefs adequate, and if not, what are the sources of biases?
  • What type of inequalities do people find acceptable and what type do they think deserve reducing, even at some cost to themselves?

This CIVICA Research project consists in answering these questions and, more generally, investigating the various expressions and determinants of people’s attitudes to inequalities. We will investigate the perception and justification as well as judgment of inequality in its various forms or guises. These are mental states which are, we suggest, both influencing and influenced by social and cultural phenomena.

As we already noted, attitudes towards inequalities are consequential on what policies are approved and adopted. In addition, they can motivate many types of social choices, including the choice to contribute to others’ welfare, even at a cost to the self. The latter phenomenon is the topic of many studies in experimental economics and psychology. 

However, what has been less thoroughly studied is how attitudes towards inequality are themselves influenced by the cultural and social environment. Which social and cultural factors modulates attitudes to inequalities? Answering this question requires an interdisciplinary approach that draws on cognitive psychology, social anthropology, sociology, and political sciences. On one hand, there is active research in moral psychology about the processes that issue fairness judgments, and on the other, a rich literature in social anthropology on the socio-cultural embeddedness and cultural diversity of such judgments.

Researchers involved

Events and other activities

SMASH workshop 2021

Central European University: Department of Cognitive Science, Department of Sociology & Social Anthropology

Seminar 1: Moral reasoning and social inequality

24 September 2021

  • Daniel Nettle (Newcastle University): How moral is inequality?
  • Harry Walker (London School of Economics): Building ‘Community’, Building ‘The State’: Moralities of Cooperation in Amazonia
  • Tamara Kusimova (Central European University): Cultural Narratives of Inequality and Responsibility among Russian
  • Radu Umbres (SNSPA Bucharest): Discussion

Seminar 2: Social conventions and moral norms

1 October 2021

  • Oliver Curry (University of Oxford): Morality as Cooperation: The new science of right and wrong
  • Cailin O'Connor (University of California, Irvine): Modeling Minimal Conditions for Social Ills
  • Angarika Deb (Central European University): Unpacking what goes on in-house: Fairness in division of household labour
  • Clark Barrett (University of California, LA): Discussion

Seminar 3: Cultural transmission of moral dispositions

8 October 2021

  • Rita Astuti (London School of Economics): Teaching children how to behave morally, without them knowing that they are doing so
  • Anni Kajanus (Helsinki University): Learning not to help
  • Pooja Venkatesh (CEU): Risk isn’t bedlam: The pedagogy of an intuitive anubhava among traditional healers
  • Gyuri Gergely (CEU): Discussion

Organisers:Vlad Naumescu, Christophe Heintz, Angarika Deb, Tamara Kusimova, Pooja Venkatesh